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Game of Thrones fans, get ready for an unforgettable musical journey! 🎶

Source: < https://www.youtube.com/@CoralMorphologic > The Coral City Camera is an underwater camera streaming live from an urban reef environment in Miami, Florida. It is located along the shoreline at the east end of PortMiami in about 9’ (3m) of water. It was deployed in late 2019 by Coral Morphologic as a hybrid art-science research project produced with the support of Bridge Initiative and Bas Fisher Invitational and initially funded through grants awarded by a Knight Arts Challenge grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, and an Art Works grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. The CCC's high speed internet connection is made possible with the support of The Wanderlust Fund. In January 2021, the Coral City Camera and its associated scientific research was moved approximately 300' east of the original site.

Experience the mesmerizing view from the International Space Station (ISS) as it orbits Earth at 240 miles above our planet. Enjoy live and pre-recorded footage from NASA's ISS live stream, featuring astronauts from NASA, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Europe. The words 'LIVE NOW' appear in the top left corner during live feeds. Be aware, the ISS enters a 45-minute night period during each orbit when live footage is unavailable. In these intervals, we showcase recorded footage. For more information about the ISS and its journey into Earth's dark side, visit: http://www.nasa.gov

Iceland, with an area similar to the US state of Kentucky, has more than 30 active volcanoes . Therefore, the island in northern Europe has become a privileged destination for volcanic tourism - a segment that attracts thousands of adventurers. GRINDAVÍK ERUPTION - ÞORBJÖRN See other incredible images, in high resolution, directly from Live from Iceland

Dynamic live show from the Port of Miami, USA. It is the largest cruise port in the world and is often called the "Cruise Capital of the World" and "Cargo Port of the Americas." Miami has the most cruise line headquarters in the world, home to Carnival Cruise Line , Celebrity Cruises , Norwegian Cruise Line , Oceania Cruises and Royal Caribbean International . Enjoy the magnificent view of boat traffic, majestic cruise ships and busy cargo ships. You can also see the rhythmic flow of Florida East Coast Railway ( FEC ) intermodal rail traffic. Sources: Cruise Ships Live and Wikipedia .

Today, October 14, 2024, marks 12 years since the gigantic feat of Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner , who on October 14, 2012, broke world records by jumping from a capsule at a height of 38,969.4 meters (127,852 feet). Baumgartner was the first man to surpass the speed of sound in free fall. The jump started from the stratosphere ¹ , reaching a speed of 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph). At the time Felix Baumgartner exceeded the speed of sound, he was at an altitude of about 34 to 36 km (after about 50 seconds of falling). At that altitude, the speed of sound is estimated to be around 1,100 km/h (683.50 mph) . due to extremely low temperatures, around -50°C to -60°C. Baumgartner reached a top speed of 1,357.64 km/h , which is equivalent to Mach 1.25 , meaning he exceeded the speed of sound by about 25%. This grand event was watched by 8 million people who watched the broadcast on YouTube. Baumgartner was involved in the audacious $20 million Red Bull Stratos project , which took him five years to prepare. On the day of the great feat, before carrying it out, he had the support and encouragement of Joe Kittinger, a former pilot in the United States Air Force, then world record holder for the highest parachute jump, which occurred on August 16, 1960, as part of the Excelsior project, when he jumped from a helium balloon at a height of 31,300 meters, reaching a maximum speed of 988 km/h (613.915 mph). In turn, 52 years after Kittinger's record, which remained unbeaten, Baumgartner climbed into a pressurized capsule, which was pulled by a helium balloon, more than 180 meters high to take him to the stratosphere. The capsule took more than two hours to reach the desired height. For the complete descent, Baumgartner used a pressurized suit, specially designed to ensure survival in an environment of extreme cold and low oxygen. He reached the American soil of New Mexico in nine minutes (considering the time of free fall and with the parachute open). FELIX BAUMGARTNER: PARACHUTE JUMP FROM SUPERSONIC FREE FALL. The Redbull Stratus project and Felix Baumgartner's courage and discipline resulted in breaking world records, let's see: World records broken Largest balloon with a human on board: A giant balloon, as tall as the Statue of Liberty, with about 5,097 m³ (180,000 cu ft) of helium inserted by the crew before its launch until reaching, with its increasing altitude, the total capacity of approximately 850,000 m³ (30 million cu ft) at the jump altitude. Highest altitude untethered outside a vehicle: After depressurizing the capsule - the point of no return, Baumgartner stepped onto the edge of the capsule and jumped into free fall from an altitude of 38,969.4 meters (127,852 ft) and took just 9min.09sec. to return to Earth, setting, on 10/14/2012, a new world record for the highest parachute jump. First human to break the sound barrier in freefall: During his stratospheric skydive, Baumgartner reached a top speed of 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph), thus achieving the highest speed in freefall, breaking the sound barrier without mechanical assistance. Longest freefall distance: Baumgartner free-falled a distance of 36,402 meters (119,431 ft) before opening his parachute Furthermore, the event had a record audience: Most simultaneous views for a live event on YouTube: 15 cameras were on Baumgartner’s capsule, with five attached to his pressure suit, providing an incredible viewing experience for those watching the broadcast. Eight million people watched Felix’s journey into space and his jump back to Earth. The viewership would have been even higher, but the demand was straining YouTube’s server capacity. The Red Bull Stratos capsule is now part of the permanent collection of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum and is on display at the Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, United States. The mission achieved many scientific innovation milestones, including the development and validation of innovations in pressure suits and personal parachutes; the development of new medical treatment protocols, including a protocol for the condition ebullism² , aiming to become the new standard of care; and the introduction of a reefed parachute system³ for the high-altitude payload recovery task, offering potential benefits for both passengers and cargo. Felix Baumgartner's Red Bull-sponsored mission not only captivated the world with the audacity and precision of the jump, but also demonstrated the limits of human endurance and aerospace technology. Two years later, on October 24, 2014, Google executive Alan Eustace broke Baumgartner's record by skydiving from an even higher altitude of 41,422 meters (135,898 ft). However, far from diminishing the significance of Baumgartner's achievement, Eustace's jump was made possible in part by lessons learned from the Red Bull Stratos project. By Luiz Cincurá. luiz.cincura@high-techsociety.com Notes: ¹ The stratosphere is the second largest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, located between the troposphere and the mesosphere. It extends approximately 10 km (at the poles) to 15 km (in the tropics) at its lower limit, with an upper limit of approximately 50 km in altitude, from the surface, and is home to the ozone layer. The meaning of the word stratosphere comes from the Latin stratum , which means layer. The stratosphere concentrates 19% of the gases in the atmosphere, is the second layer closest to Earth, has little water vapor in its composition and almost no clouds. The stratosphere is rich in ozone gas and poor in oxygen gas. Supersonic airplanes and weather balloons fly in the stratosphere. ² An absolute altitude limit for the unprotected man may be set at 18,900 meters, at which the barometric pressure is 47 mmHg. The water vapor tension at body temperature is also 47 mmHg. The effects of exceeding the altitude limit tolerable for man may be attributed either to anoxia or to reduced pressure resulting in vaporization of tissue fluids and expansion of body gases, a condition sometimes called ebullism or ebullism syndrome. Obviously, the survival of the unprotected man would be very brief, as the respiratory passages become filled with water vapor, in which condition breathing is completely ineffective. Pressurized cabins in aircraft and full pressure suits eliminate this risk. ³ A reefed parachute system is a type of parachute that is partially "restricted" during its initial deployment to control the rate of inflation. It uses a cord or ring to hold the parachute lines partially closed as it opens, allowing the parachute to inflate gradually rather than all at once. This process helps reduce the shock forces that the skydiver experiences when deploying the parachute at high speed, which is especially useful for high-altitude jumps, as in the case of Alan Eustace and Felix Baumgartner. The use of a reefed parachute system is common in freefall operations where the deceleration needs to be more gradual to avoid damage to the equipment or the skydiver's body. Sources: GUINESS WORLD RECORDS. Felix Baumgartner: First person to break sound barrier in freefall . Available at < https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/hall-of-fame/felix-baumgartner-first-person-to-break-sound-barrier-in-freefall > Accessed on October 11, 2024. MAGALHÃES, Lana. Stratosphere . All Matter, [sd]. Available at: https://www.todamateria.com.br/estratosfera/ . Accessed on: October 12, 2024. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM. A Decade Since the Long Fall from Red Bull Stratos. Available at: < https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/decade-since-red-bull-stratos > Accessed on: October 12, 2024. OpenAI. Response obtained from ChatGPT about reefed . Available at < https://chat.openai.com > Accessed on 10/13/2024. REDBULL. Red Bull Stratus. Available at < https://www.redbull.com/int-en/one-jump-eight-records-scientific-achievement?utm_source=pocket_list > Accessed on 11/10/2024. SUPERINTERESSANT SUPERBLOG. BECATTINI, Natália. Austrian breaks records by jumping from the stratosphere . 15.Oct.2012. THE LIGHTER-THAN-AIR SOCIETY. Final Data released from Felix Baumgartner's Supersonic Freefall . Available at: < https://www.blimpinfo.com/uncategorized/final-data-released-from-felix-baumgartners-supersonic-freefall/ > Accessed on: 12.Oct.2024. FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS. STENSMANN, Berenice Helena Wiener. Physiological Problems of Unusual Environments: Space and Underwater Activities. Available at: < https://ppgenfis.if.ufrgs.br/mef004/20021/Berenice/sangue.html > Accessed on: October 12, 2024.

Starlink is the name of a network of satellites developed by private spaceflight company SpaceX, initially aiming to provide low-cost internet to remote locations. Starlink is ideal for areas where connectivity is unreliable or completely unavailable, but it has expanded the service offering to different locations. Markets served by Starlink satellites In a post published on May 20, 2024 on X (formerly Twitter), the CEO of Space X, Elon Musk, informed that the Starlink is connecting more than 3 million users in 99 countries , through more than 6,000 Starlink satellites in orbit , providing high-speed internet. Starlink satellites are being used not only by residential and business customers, but also by airlines offering in-flight internet services and by cruise ships so passengers can stay connected while at sea, as well as other applications, as per we'll see. Why Starlink's In-flight WiFi is a Game Changer³ - Source: Primal Space Events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods or wildfires destroy or severely damage terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure, leaving affected communities completely isolated from the outside world. With Starlink, first responders can quickly transport and configure user terminals virtually anywhere and get online in a matter of minutes, bypassing the need for any ground-based infrastructure. Satellite visibility A day or two after the launch and deployment of Starlink satellites, no special equipment is needed to see them as they are visible to the naked eye. They appear as a series of pearls or a "train" of bright lights moving across the night sky. If you wish, you can try to find the Starlink satellites visible in your country, using coordinates provided by FindStarlink After launch, until reaching around 440 kilometers above Earth, the Falcon 9 rocket transports and deploys its batch of 60 Starlink satellites, in a “parking orbit”. From there, individual satellites unfold their solar panels and slowly begin to spread across the planet. Each satellite uses its thrusters to gradually rise to a higher altitude, rising into its eventual final orbit about 100 miles above the International Space Station's orbit. They become progressively more difficult to detect because, as the satellites rise, they become dimmer, reflecting less sunlight back to Earth, until they reach their final orbital height of about 550 km. Goals Starlink's central objectives are to solve two major problems of the modern internet: the lack of accessible connections to distant geographic areas and/or without terrestrial communications structure and high latency¹ . Traditional internet services through cables and optical fibers have limitations inherent to the characteristics of the service. Even within a country, it is rare to achieve a direct cabling path from one location to another. Relying on terrestrial cables also leaves many regions poorly connected. The challenge of overcoming high latency, one of Starlink's central objectives, is relevant, due to the enormous impacts it can cause. To get an idea of the losses that can be caused by high latency, let’s look at some examples: For those trying to watch videos, series, films online, high latency can mean crashes or loss of video quality. When browsing social networks, the maximum recommended latency is 50 to 100 ms for good performance. When playing, the maximum oriented latency is 30 ms, to avoid loss of competitiveness. Financial operations, for security reasons, may be canceled if there is a delay in sending information. Banks move billions of dollars in fractions of a second, any delay can lead to big losses for a competitor that operates with a faster connection. Online classes with constant crashes make access to course content unfeasible. E-commerces that take time to load can cause a loss of online sales. Work and video conferences, via high-latency internet, can be impacted by productivity losses or even become unfeasible. Starlink satellites make it possible to access essential online services and resources in rural communities that were often unserved by traditional internet providers. Starlink allows hospitals and field clinics to hold real-time video conferences with doctors and specialists thousands of miles away. Medical images such as X-rays or CT scans can be shared instantly for remote diagnosis. Patients with chronic conditions can have remote check-ins and follow-ups with healthcare professionals. Starlink makes these advanced telehealth applications possible even in extremely remote or resource-limited environments.   Remote teaching is also favored, with the possibility of accessing online classes, research, sharing study materials, now possible for communities isolated due to the lack of terrestrial communications infrastructure or even because they have been hit by destructive events. How it works Customers purchase a terrestrial antenna to access Starlink's internet service. When plugged in, the self-steering antenna quickly scans the sky and locks onto the nearest overhead satellite. Then, it seamlessly maintains that connection as each new Starlink satellite comes into view and the previous one disappears beyond the horizon. Starlink antennas are certified to operate between -22° Fahrenheit (minimum temperature) to 104° Fahrenheit (maximum temperature), which, on the Celsius scale, corresponds to -30° Celsius to 40° Celsius. Elon Musk's Starlink Impact video (By Geoff Aba) ³ Historic January . 2015: SpaceX satellite internet proposal ² announced. February 2018: SpaceX launched its first two Starlink prototypes, called Tintin-A and Tintin-B. The test helped demonstrate the basic concept and refine the satellite's design. May 23, 2019: The first 60 Starlink satellites were launched into low Earth orbit aboard a SpaceX rocket and successfully reached an operational altitude of 340 miles (550 kilometers) above Earth. October.2020: Starlink standard internet service launched. Jan.2021: Laser terminals, or laser crosses, have been added to a batch of Starlink satellites, which allows the satellites to transfer information to each other. May.2021: 100th consecutive launch of the Falcon 9 rocket, carrying Starlink satellites for launch into space. June.2021: More than 1,500 active satellites, making Starlink satellites the largest constellation of satellites around the Earth, more than half of all active satellites that circled our planet. Aug.2022: SpaceX CEO Elon Musk and T-Mobile CEO Mike Sievert announced an agreement between the two companies in August 2022 and plan to provide the service to T-Mobile customers after the satellite launches Starlink V2 complete. February 27, 2023: SpaceX began launching an updated version of Starlink, called V2 mini. The V2 mini serves as a precursor version of the fully designed V2. The complete Starlink V2 satellites will be launched on the Starship rocket on a date yet to be confirmed. When they do, the larger V2 satellites will have a greater data capacity than their predecessors and the ability to deliver services directly to cellular devices. May 2024: The milestone of 6,078 Starlink satellites in orbit is reached. To reach that number, for the past few years, every two weeks a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket has lifted off and transported a new batch of about 60 Starlink satellites into low Earth orbit. July 3, 2024: Falcon 9 launch to transport 20 Starlink satellites, including 13 with Direct to Cell capabilities, to low Earth orbit from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Space Force Station Cape Canaveral, Florida.   Starlink has been active in initiatives that go beyond business, in humanitarian aid in contexts of destruction, resulting from the action of nature and/or human action. In response to emergencies, the Starlink website states: “By not having the limitations of traditional terrestrial infrastructure, Starlink can be quickly deployed to assist emergency teams in disaster situations. The Starlink team is proud to support and prioritize its service to emergency responders around the world and will continue to increase that support as we expand our coverage areas . ”   Humanitarian action in support of emergency situations Starlink's role in helping Ukraine Starlink has been a vital piece of Ukraine's communications infrastructure. Ukrainian government authorities publicly requested Starlink terminals on February 26, 2022, and two days later on February 28. 2022, the first Starlink equipment arrived. In early April 2022, SpaceX and the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ), announced the delivery of approximately 5,000 Starlink terminals to Ukraine, with SpaceX directly supplying more than 3,000 of them. The number has grown considerably since then, to 25,000, according to the company's founder and CEO, Elon Musk. Starlink's role in helping Florida, United States After Hurricane Ian devastated parts of Florida in 2022, Starlink was able to quickly deploy terminals to restore internet to emergency responders in the hardest-hit areas, such as Fort Myers Beach . Similarly, Starlink has provided Internet access to support emergency response efforts following natural disasters in Tonga, Samoa and other Pacific islands hit by tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Starlink's role in helping Tonga, Samoa and other Pacific islands As of February 2022, at least 50 Starlink terminals have been shipped to Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The aim was to give its residents free access to the Internet, especially in remote villages. Tonga needed the terminals after suffering a massive volcano eruption and tsunami in January, as did Samoa and other Pacific islands that were also hit and assisted by Starlink. At the time, SpaceX said the terminals will allow communications to flow in some of the regions with the worst effects resulting from the eruption. Starlink's role in helping the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil The floods in Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil, resulting from intense rain between April 27 and May 5, 2024, caused a situation of sudden and unimaginable drama, with deaths, homelessness, total loss and damage to homes, commercial establishments, automobiles, stoppages of various activities, among other enormous difficulties. This has required gigantic relief efforts, assistance, donations and mobilizations aimed at recovering material losses, which will be slow, due to the enormity of the damage caused, as 85% of the cities in the State were affected. Businessman Elon Musk decided to donate 1,000 Starlink antennas to the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The donation included the provision of data services, free of charge, until the region recovers. The first batch was received at the Air Base in the city of Canoas-RS, on May 11, 2024 and the second and final batch was delivered the following day, at the same Air Base. In a statement, the Government of Rio Grande do Sul announced that the Starlink antennas will help “reestablish communication at the main points of Civil Defense, Public Security, health units, schools and essential public services during the period that the calamity continues” . Elon Musk's Starlink: How Is It Helping Humanity? ³ Source : youtube.com/@Cosmoknowledge Questions and clarifications As seen, undoubtedly, the existence of the Starlink satellite megaconstellation provides extraordinary benefits to humanity, however, there are questions. Astronomers have long complained about satellites affecting their ability to explore space through observations using ground-based telescopes due to sunlight reflecting off orbiting machinery. In response, Patricia Cooper, vice president of satellite government affairs at SpaceX, informed astronomers at a January 2020 meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Honolulu that “SpaceX is absolutely committed to finding a path forward so that our Starlink project does not impede the value of the research you are all carrying out.” SpaceX has taken steps in this regard. For example, recently launched Starlink satellites have visors designed to reduce the glare of sunlight on their structure. There are also questions about the disposal of old satellites and the risk of satellite collisions with spacecraft. In February 2022, SpaceX published a statement on its website that sets out why it believes that Starlink will never litter Earth's orbit with space debris or cause orbital collisions with other satellites. SpaceX claims it is a leader in satellite safety and has stated that a NASA program has already reviewed the anti-collision avoidance system for Starlink satellites. Each Starlink satellite is built with an anti-collision avoidance system capable of maneuvering the satellite. “If there is a 1/100,000 probability of collision (10x lower than the industry standard of 1/10,000) for a conjunction, the satellites will plan avoidance maneuvers,” the company said. SpaceX has teams of satellite operators to coordinate and respond to requests from other satellite companies, 24/7. The satellites were also tested for high reliability. SpaceX has launched more than 2,000 satellites for the first-generation Starlink network, with a failure rate of “just 1% after orbit raising.” According to satellite tracker and astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell, 358 Starlink satellites were deorbited. There were no reports of its wreckage reaching the ground. “To be clear, SpaceX satellites are designed and built to completely terminate during atmospheric re-entry, during end-of-life disposal, and they do that,” wrote David Goldstein, SpaceX principal engineer, in a letter sent to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the United States Congress, on October 9, 2023. All Starlink satellites operate in a “self-cleaning” low Earth orbit below 600 kilometers, meaning the satellites will naturally deorbit in five to six years and disintegrate in the atmosphere, generating no debris. “SpaceX is striving to be the most open and transparent satellite operator in the world,” the company added , “and we encourage other operators to join us in sharing orbital data and keeping the public and governments up to date with detailed information about operations and practices.” Additionally, the company said it is already openly sharing information about Starlink orbits with the FCC , the Federal Communications Commission, the US telecommunications and broadcasting regulator, and Space-Track.org , a public website. “Ultimately, space sustainability is a technical challenge that can be effectively managed with appropriate risk assessment, information exchange, and appropriate implementation of technology and operational controls,” SpaceX said. Starlink Mini: new launch of Starlink in the United States Available only in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Panama, SpaceX has launched early sales of the Starlink Mini in the United States in June 2024, for a limited number of invited customers, for US$599. According to PCMag, in the United States, customers will also need to pay US$30 per month to receive internet via the portable antenna, as an add-on to their existing home service plan, which can currently cost US$90 or US$120. a month. Starlink Mini is a portable satellite dish that has built-in Wi-Fi that has the ability to transmit multiple 4K video streams simultaneously. The new antenna weighs 1.10 kg (2.43 lb), dimensions 289x259 mm (11.4x9.8 inches), with a size close to an Apple MacBook. This compares favorably to the regular Starlink satellite dish, which is larger: 51x30 cm (22.2x11.9 inches). The best part about the Starlink Mini antenna is that it has a built-in Wi-Fi router, so you won't need a separate router that attaches to your current Starlink antenna. SpaceX's Starlink Mini: Internet Anywhere! !³ - Source: Enlighten Hub Based on a speed test screenshot shared by Musk, Starlink Mini offers 100 Mbps download speed and 11.5 Mbps upload speed with 23 ms latency. This beats some landline and mobile phone connections while being good enough for streaming and surfing the net. The integrated Wi-Fi router supports WiFi 5 (802.11a/b/g/n/ac) and also has an Ethernet port with “Starlink Plug”. The Starlink Mini antenna has only two connectors: a DC pipe for the power supply external connector and an RJ45 network connector. If you need to extend coverage to a wider area, you'll be happy to know that the Starlink Mini antenna is mesh compatible with Starlink satellites, allowing you to wirelessly pair it with another Starlink router. The antenna comes with a power supply, but the specifications also suggest that it can be powered via USB-C PD, as long as the supply can supply 20V at 5A. Starlink Innovations The traditional satellite-connected Internet, which predated Starlink, works using large spacecraft that orbit 23,236 miles (35,686 km) above a specific point on Earth. But at this distance, there are often significant delays in sending and receiving data. By being closer to our planet and networks together, at a final orbital height of around 550 km, Starlink satellites operate with an advantage over traditional satellites. Starlink satellites were designed to transport large amounts of information quickly to any point on Earth, even over oceans and in extremely hard-to-reach places where fiber optic cables would be expensive to lay. Instead of sending internet signals through electrical cables, which must be physically laid down to reach distant places, satellite internet works by sending information through the vacuum of space, where it travels 47% faster than fiber optic cables, it said. o Business Insider. According to Mark Handley, a computer networking researcher at University College London, who studied Starlink, in an interview with Business Insider, each Starlink satellite is linked to four others, using lasers . No other internet-providing satellite does this, and that's what would make them special: they can beam data onto the Earth's surface at nearly the speed of light, bypassing the limitations of fiber optics. Laser technology has been integrated into Starlink satellites that have been sent into space starting in 2021. SpaceX hopes this move could allow satellite internet coverage to reach areas where ground stations cannot be built, explained Gwynne Shotwell , president and chief operating officer of SpaceX, on August 24, 2021, during the 36th Annual Space Symposium, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. “This is the most exciting new network we’ve seen in a long time. Starlink satellites, in operation, can affect the lives of potentially everyone," said Mark Handley. For The Clarus Networks Group (2024), “[...] Its unique combination of global coverage, resiliency, high bandwidth, low latency and portable deployment capabilities is unmatched by any previous satellite internet system. Starlink empowers humanitarian workers, emergency teams and relief agencies to maintain vital connectivity and enable powerful applications like telehealth, remote education and real-time coordination – even after infrastructure-crippling disasters. Perhaps most importantly, Starlink represents a major step toward bridging the digital divide that has left so many underserved communities isolated from the immense opportunities of the internet age. By making broadband Internet accessible globally, Starlink can be the common thread that unlocks economic development, educational resources, financial inclusion and overall socioeconomic progress for those who need it most. The humanitarian impact of this technology is truly limitless as we work to create a more connected, resilient and equitable world."   By Luiz Cincurá luiz.cincura@high-techsociety.com   Grades: 1.Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, commonly referred to as SpaceX, was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk. It is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launch services provider, and satellite communications company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.   2.Also known as “ping”, latency is the time difference between the start of an event and the moment its effects become noticeable. In communications, latency is the time it takes for data to be transferred from one location to another. The greater the latency, the greater the delay in transmitting data and information. The lower the latency, the faster the data is transferred. 3. To display subtitles in your native language on YouTube videos, click on settings, English, click on English again and then click on auto translate . Next Scroll down until you find and click on your native language.   Sources: ASTRONOMY. BETZ, Eric. How do spaceX's Starlink satellites actually work? Available at: < https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/how-do-spacexs-starlink-satellites-actually-work/?utm_source=pocket_list > Accessed on: 29.jun.2024. SELF-EVOLUTION. AGATIE, Cristian. SpaceX To Launch Starlink Mini Portable Dish With Integrated Wi-Fi Router Soon . Available at: < https://www.autoevolution.com/news/spacex-to-launch-starlink-mini-portable-dish-with-integrated-wi-fi-router-soon-235510.html > Accessed at: 12 .Jul.2024. BUSINESSINSIDER. MOSHER, Dave. Elon Musk just revealed new details about Starlink, a plan to surround Earth with 12,000 high-speed internet satellites. Here's how it might work. Available at: < https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-internet-how-it-works-2019-5#cables-have-a-speed-limit-too-light-moves-through- the-vacuum-of-space-about-47-faster-than-it-can-through-solid-fiber-optic-glass-8 '> Accessed on: 29.jun.2024. CDN STAR. The Impact of Milliseconds on Connectivity: How Latency Affects the User Experience. Available at: < https://cdnstar.com.br/o-impacto-dos-miliseconds-na-conectividade-como-a-latencia-afeta-a-experiencia-do-usuario/ > Accessed on: 07.July. 2024. DIGITALTRENDS. TORBET, Georgina. Musk says Starlink satellite internet now enabled in Ukraine. Available at: < https://www.digitaltrends.com/space/spacex-starlink-ukraine/ > Accessed on: 29.jun.2024. DIGITALTRENDS. MOGG, Trevor. Elon Musk suggests Starlink now has 250K customers. Available at: < https://www.digitaltrends.com/space/elon-musk-starlink-250k-customers/ > Accessed on: 05.July.2024. PEOPLE'S GAZETTE. SESTREN, Gabriel. Starlink: satellite internet antennas donated by Musk arrive in RS. Available at: < https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/brasil/starlink-antenas-internet-via-satelite-doadas-elon-musk-chegam-rs/?#success=true > Accessed on: 29.jun .2024. PCMAG. KAN, Michel. SpaceX: Here's Why Starlink Poses No Orbital Hazard. Available at: < https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-heres-why-starlink-poses-no-orbital-hazard > Accessed on: 29.jun.2024. SPACE.COM . PULTAROVA, Teresa; HOWELL, Elisabeth . Includes contributions by DOBRIJEVIC, Daisy; MANN, Adam.. Starlink satellites: Facts, tracking and impact on astronomy. Available at: < https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellites.html?utm_source=pocket_shared > Accessed on: 28.jun.2024. SPACE.COM . GOHD, Chelsea. SpaceX paused Starlink launches to give its internet satellites lasers. Available at: < https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-internet-satellites-lasers-launch > Accessed on: 02.July.2024. SPACENEWS. RAINBOW, Jason. SpaceX slams FAA report on falling space debris Danger. Available at: < https://spacenews.com/spacex-slams-faa-report-on-falling-space-debris-danger/ > Accessed on: 04.July.2024. THE CLARUS NETWORK GROUP. The Power Of Starlink For Humanitarian Efforts . Available at: < https://www.clarus-networks.com/2024/05/28/the-power-of-starlink-for-humanitarian-efforts/ > Accessed on: 19.Jul.2024. THE REGISTER. ROBINSON, Dan. Starlink stuffs the internet into a backpack by invitation only . Available at: < https://www.theregister.com/2024/06/21/starlink_mini_invitation/ > Accessed on: 12.Jul.2024. USAID. Safeguards Internet Access in Ukraine through Public-Private-Partnership with SpaceX. Available at: < https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/apr-05-2022-usaid-safeguards-internet-access-ukraine-through-public-private-partnership-spacex > Access at : 04.Jul.2024. WIKIPEDIA. Latency. Available at: < https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%AAncia > Accessed on: 30.jun.2024. YAHOO! TECH. MOGG, Trevor. SpaceX's Starlink internet service reaches milestone . Available at: < https://www.yahoo.com/tech/spacex-reaches-milestone-starlink-internet-032052994.html?utm_source=pocket_list&guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9nZXRwb2NrZXQuY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHo7L4_jPm2FoIRZ J-U3lFZjagbmLXFEc2PGzPpkckXs1TELoHilTQVvi8fxGmvWxfttT1bs9tJMM28swv5Iv6FAcPr8zv-AdYotP-Gz-j74Y_mEI9tjITK_bmJnUvGvhztJyYLZFJfUnV5sQxAT3_jQfgae_ E7RQ368ZXf1j2ai> Access at : 29.jun.2024.

147 LIVE CAMERAS, FROM DIFFERENT PLACES AROUND THE WORLD CHRISTMAS MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO We wish You a Merry Christmas Ⓒ CC BY 4.0, Twin Musicom ( twinmusicom.org ), Auld Lang Syne (Instrumental) 12 Days of Christmas (Instrumental) Carol Of The Bells CC BY 4.0, Audionautix ( audionautix.com ) Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring CC BY 4.0, Kevin MacLeod Canon and Variation Twin Musicom ( twinmusicom.org ) Angels We Have Heard 4.0, Kevin MacLeod, O Come All Ye Faithful (Instrumental) Saw Three Ships Audionautix ( audionautix.com ) It Came Upon a Midnight Clear CC BY 4.0, Kevin MacLeod O Christmas Tree (Instrumental) Deck the Halls (Instrumental) Jingle Bells (Instrumental) Hark the Herald Angels Sing (Instrumental) Silent Night (Instrumental) First Noel (Instrumental) We Wish You a Merry Christmas (Instrumental) Silent Night (Jazz) Oh Little Town of Bethlehem (Instrumental) Deck the Halls (Instrumental Jazz) Up on the Housetop (Instrumental) Jolly Old St Nicholas (Instrumental) Joy to the World (Instrumental Jazz) We Wish You a Merry Christmas (Instrumental Jazz) 1:01:34 I Jingle Bells (Instrumental Jazz). Ⓒ Free to use

Astronomy is often described as the oldest science, given the fascination that the universe has always exerted on people of all ages and cultures. Astronomy rrently uses sophisticated technology and is considered one of the most modern and dynamic sciences. One of the organizations that greatly contributes to the advancement of Astronomy is   ESO , European Southern Observatory, a prominent intergovernmental science and technology organization in astronomy. A helps scientists from all over the world discover the secrets of the Universe, which consequently benefits the entire society . Founded in 1962, headquartered in Garching, Germany ESO develops an ambitious program focused on  design , construction and operation of powerful observatories and promotes and organizes cooperations in astronomical research. On its website, ESO informs that it has more than 750 employees from around 30 countries and countless collaborators from all over the world. There are more than 22,000 users from around 130 different countries, who have access to services, technology and data.   ESO operates three observatories in the Atacama Desert in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. LA SILLA OBSERVATORY O  La Silla ,_first ESO observatory to come into operation in the late 1960s, it is located on the La Silla mountain, at an altitude of 2350 m, 600 km north of Santiago de Chile. It is equipped with several optical telescopes. The mirrors have a diameter of up to 3.6 meters. ESO's main optical instruments in La Silla are a 3.6 m reflector, opened in 1976; the 3.5 m New Technology Telescope (NTT), opened in 1989; a 2.2 m reflector jointly owned by the Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, opened in 1984. 2009 and is now operated by Yale University.  Instruments at La Silla owned by individual nations include a 1.54 m Danish reflector opened in 1979 and the 1.2 m Leonhard Euler telescope owned by the Geneva Observatory, opened in 2000 . Credit: ESO . Directed by: Nico Bartmann. Editing: Nico Bartmann. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Laura Hiscott and Calum Turner. Music: John Stanford — The Edge ( johnstanfordmusic.com ). Footage and photos: ESO, G. Hüdepohl ( atacamaphoto.com ), L. Calçada, J. Pérez, Liam Young/Unknown Fields. Scientific consultant: Paola Amico and Mariya Lyubenova. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen. CERRO PARANAL OBSERVATORY The ESO observatory in Cerro Paranal is situated on a mountain in the northern part of the Atacama Desert in Chile . VLT-Very Large Telescope , one of the most advanced systems in the world, consisting of four Main Telescopes with main mirrors measuring 8.2 m in diameter and four mobile Auxiliary Telescopes measuring 1.8 m in diameter. This is the trailer for the Very Large Telescope (VLT), located in Paranal, Chile. Credit: ESO Footage and photos: ESO, C. Malin ( christophmalin.com ) ,  Liam Young , B. Tafreshi ( twanight.org ), G. Hüdepohl ( atacamaphoto.com ), F. Kamphues, G. Lombardi ( glphoto.it ), S. Gillessen, F. Char, H. Zodet and Y. Beletsky ( LCO ). Music by  Movetwo . THE ESO CERRO PARANAL HOTEL Under the summit, at a At a height of around 2,400 meters, you will find the Hotel ESO no Cerro Paranal. It has housed the Paranal Observatory in Chile since 2002. It is mainly used for scientists and ESO engineers who work there in a scale system, which houses them in stays. The ESO Hotel at Cerro Paranal  has been called a "guesthouse on Mars", because the desert surroundings are similar to Mars and an "Oasis for astronomers" . It is not a commercial hotel, and the public cannot reserve rooms. For the relatively short time of your stays under weather conditions extremes – intense sun, extreme dryness, high wind speeds, large temperature fluctuations and the danger of earthquakes – the hotel was built in  place far from the civilization where they can relax and rest between strenuous work phases. The exterior of the hotel was featured in the 2008 film 007, Quantum of Solace , in which the structure was portrayed as a fictional eco-hotel in Bolivia. A miniature of the hotel was built by the visual effects team for the scenes in which the hotel, in the film, is destroyed by fire. ESO Paranal and the ESO Cerro Paranal Hotel were the film set for 007, "Quantum of Scolace" Credit: ESO Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser and Luis Calçada. Cinematography: Peter Rixner. Editing: Herbert Zodet. Web and technical support: Lars Holm Nielsen and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Henri Boffin, Lee Pullen and Lars Lindberg Christensen. Host: Dr. J. Narration: Lee Pullen. Music: Paulo Raimundo; lcg//moulinex. Footage and photos: Sony Pictures, EON Productions Ltd., QUANTUM OF SOLACE / © 2008 Danjaq, United Artists, CPII., 007 TM and related James Bond Trademarks, TM Danjaq & ESO. Directed by: Lars Lindberg Christensen. CHAJNANTOR OBSERVATORY The Chajnantor Observatory is operated by Caltech - California Institute of Technology in collaboration with the University of Chile and the University of Concepción and is located at an altitude of 5080 meters (16700 feet) in the Andes Mountains in northern Chile. The high, dry Chajnantor plateau is one of the best places in the world for millimeter and submillimeter astronomy. The first observatory instrument, the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) is housed in a retractable dome that provides some protection from rain, snow and wind. On most days, the wind in Chajnantor peaks in the late afternoon at around 15 m/s (30 mph). Under these conditions, cold is a serious problem, but the dome provides a sheltered workspace where it is possible to  repair and maintain the CBI. The dome is a hemispherical steel structure covered with polyester fabric, housed in a wall 2 m high and 10.5 m in diameter. The CBI and its dome require concrete support plates, but this is the only construction work on the site. All other installations are in ISO standard shipping containers placed directly on the ground. This modest approach to site infrastructure reduces costs, reduces maintenance burden and has a very low impact on the environment. Observatory facilities include a control room, laboratory, mechanical workshop, power plant, two workrooms/bedrooms and a bathroom – all inside the shipping containers. To counteract the effects of high altitude, the air in working and living areas is enriched with oxygen (using molecular sieves to separate oxygen from air), and people who work outside can use portable oxygen tanks with demand regulators when needed to improve efficiency and safety. The power plant and fuel tanks are located about 100 m east of the CBI; Average power consumption for the site is around 100 kW and the plant has a pair of diesel generators rated for 150 kW at 5000 m. The base facilities are located at Residencia Don Esteban, in the historic oasis town of San Pedro de Atacama, at an altitude of 2500 m. These include bedrooms, kitchen, conference room and computer room. The observatory is partially supported by SAINT , Strategic Alliance for the Implementation of New Technologies, a consortium formed by twelve institutions: the California Institute of Technology This consortium was formed for studies and research into fundamental problems in physics which can be resolved by observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation and research into a variety of new astrophysical planes. Below see the trailer for ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. A state-of-the-art telescope that studies light with wavelengths of around one millimeter, emitted by some of the coldest objects in the Universe, ALMA is a cooperation of the European Observatory do Sul (ESO), together with its international partners. The ALMA site is the Chajnantor plateau, 5000 m above sea level, in northern Chile, one of the driest places on Earth. Credit: ESO ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), C. Malin ( christophmalin.com ), P. Horálek, Liam Young, B. Tafreshi ( twanight.org ), J. J. Tobin (University of Oklahoma/Leiden University), M. Kaufman, Theofanis N. Matsopoulos, H. H. Heyer, S Argandoña and H. Zodet. Music by Movetwo. ESO undoubtedly has a sophisticated technological structure and, with its 61 years of existence, a natural curiosity would be to know some of its main scientific results, which will be seen below. TEN SPACE DISCOVERIES FROM THE ESO OBSERVATORY, BY ELIZABETH HOWELL , SPACE.COM 1.OBSERVING THE COSMOS Since the first telescope began operating in 1966, ESO has brought about many changes in the way we perceive the Universe. Astronomers observed the acceleration of the Universe as it expanded and learned more about what the young Universe looked like. ESO telescopes have also taken photographs of distant planets and helped measure the weight of gigantic stars. 2. FIRST ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS OF PLUTO AND CHARON (1986) By observing the light curve of Pluto and its moon Charon during eclipses with ESO La Silla telescopes, astronomers were able to reduce the size of both objects. Pluto, then considered a planet, has a diameter of approximately 1367 miles (2200 kilometers). Its largest moon, Charon, has been measured at about 721 miles (1160 kilometers). 3.PIONEERING IN ADAPTIVE OPTICS (1989) ESO was one of the first observatories to test "adaptive optics", a technique used to make corrections for turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere. A telescopic mirror, connected to a computer, automatically adjusts as the atmosphere flexes. This allows light to reach the telescope with greater precision – meaning we can see further into space. Adaptive optics is a standard technique used today. 4.EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE ACCELERATING (1998) By studying the brightness of stellar explosions, researchers have discovered that the universe is not just expanding, but accelerating as it grows. Telescopes at ESO and other observatories, including the Hubble Space Telescope, have determined this through measurements of Type Ia supernovae. The main discoverers were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. 5.CONFIRMING THE UNIVERSE'S HOT PAST (2000) Researchers were able to obtain the temperature of the Big Bang echo – cosmic microwave background radiation – from when the universe was just 2.5 billion years old. An ESO telescope has taken spectrum measurements of a quasar, which is a bright, distant galaxy powered by a huge black hole. The quasar's glow showed that the universe was hotter than it is now. 6.THE BLUEEST YEARS IN THE UNIVERSE (2003) From observations with ESO's Very Large Telescope, astronomers discovered the color of the young universe, 2.5 billion years old, was much bluer than it is today because it was full of young, blue stars. Because blue stars emit more light than ancient stars — and the universe has as much light now as in the past — the findings suggest that there were fewer stars in the early years of the universe. 7. CONNECTING GAMMA RAYS WITH SUPERNOVAS (2003) After a gamma-ray burst shone in the constellation Leo on March 29, 2003, Australian and Japanese telescopes detected a bright light source in the same location within 90 minutes. ESO telescopes then captured the first spectrum of the object. They discovered that this large supernova or "hypernova" was 2.65 billion light years away, and were able to link it to the gamma-ray burst. 8.THE GREATEST STAR OF ALL TIME (2010) The biggest star ever, R136a1 is 165,000 light-years away from Earth and more than twice the size scientists thought stars could get. This magnificent discovery was made possible using ESO's Very Large Telescope and confirmed with archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope. 9. FIRST DIRECT SPECTRUM OF AN EXOPLANET (2010) Scientists used ESO's Very Large Telescope to detect the chemical composition of a planet about 130 light-years from Earth. This planet is about 10 times the size of Jupiter, with a surface temperature of 1472 degrees Fahrenheit (800 degrees Celsius). This was the first time the spectrum was observed from direct observations of a planet. 10.EARTH-SIZED PLANET FOUND IN NEXT STAR SYSTEM (2012) A planet with approximately the same mass as Earth has been discovered near Alpha Centauri B, which is part of a three-star system just 4.3 light-years from Earth. An ESO telescope at La Silla detected the planet by measuring the star's wobbles. The planet is causing Alpha Centauri B to move back and forth at 1.1 miles (1.8 kilometers) per hour, the same speed as a crawling baby . THE INNOVATIVE ELT The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)   from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is a revolutionary ground-based telescope that will have a 39-meter main mirror and will be the world's largest telescope for visible and infrared light: the world's largest eye on the sky. Construction of this technically complex project, which began 9 years ago, is progressing at a good pace, with the ELT now surpassing the 50% completion mark. The telescope is located at the top of Cerro Armazones, in the desert of Atacama, Chile, where engineers and construction workers are currently assembling the telescope's dome structure at an impressive pace. Visibly changing every day, the steel structure will soon acquire the familiar round shape typical of telescope domes. As per the words of ESO Director General, Xavier Barcons, "The ELT is the largest of the next generation of optical and near-infrared telescopes based on land and what is most advanced in its construction. Reaching 50% completion is no small feat given the challenges inherent in large, complex projects, and it was only possible thanks to the commitment of everyone at ESO, the continued support of ESO Member States, and the involvement of our partners in industry and instrument consortia. I am extremely proud that ELT has reached this milestone." ESO ELT Video Credit: ESO . Directed by: Martin Wallner Editing: Martin Wallner Web and technical support: Gurvan Bazin and Raquel Yumi Shida Written by: Martin Wallner Consultants: Bárbara Ferreira, Michele Cirasuolo Music: Jon Kennedy – You, You and You Footage and photos: ESO, G. Hüdepohl ( atacamaphoto .com ), L. Calcada, M. Kornmesser, A. Tsaouis, M. Wallner, H. Zodet, SCHOTT, APICAL Acknowledgments: R. Parra, G. Vecchia, CIMOLAI, SCHOTT ESO Observatory: Science and Technology in Astronomy Sources: CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Chajnantor Observatory . Available in < https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/chajnantor/ > Access at 25 dez.2023. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Chajnantor Observatory: Strategic Alliance for the Implementation of New Technologies (SAINT) . Available in < https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/chajnantor/saint/ > Access at 25 dez.2023. EUROPEAN SUTHERN OBSERVATORY . Observatories La Silla, Chajnantor and Paranal . Available in < www.eso.org/public > Access at 25 dez.2023 HOWELL, Elizabeth. 10 Space Discoveries by the European Southern Observatory.  Available in < https://www.space.com/18665-european-southern-observatory-major-discoveries.html > Access at 26 dez.2023. JORNAL FOLHA DE S. PAULO – 19 set.2010 – página A22 OXFORD REFERENCE. La Silla Observatory. Available in < https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052390 > Access at 26 dez.2023. WIKIPÉDIA. ESO Hotel .   Available in < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO_Hotel > Access at 26 dez.2023.

PISA, the International Program for Student Assessment, is a three-yearly, systematic, prospective and comparative assessment of international level, focused on the areas of Mathematics, Science and Language, for students between 15 years and three months of age and up to 16 years and two months of age. deity. Each cycle emphasizes one of the three areas mentioned, with the highlighted area of each cycle absorbing around 60% of the test questions and the other areas, 20% for each of them.   The area with the greatest weight in the PISA 2022 assessments was mathematics. PISA 2022 established an innovation in assessment, the creative thinking test. It focuses on the skills that 21st century students need as organizations and societies around the world rely on innovation and knowledge creation to meet emerging challenges. The PISA creative thinking test examined students' abilities to generate diverse and original ideas and to evaluate and improve ideas, in various contexts or "domains". The assessment included four domains: written expression, visual expression, social problem solving and scientific problem solving. In each of these domains, students engaged with open-ended tasks that did not have a single correct answer. They were asked to provide multiple and distinct responses, or to generate a response that was unconventional. These responses could take the form of a solution to a problem, a creative text, or a visual artifact. Stimulating creative thinking strengthens the ability to adapt in an increasingly complex and dynamic reality in which knowledge and the capacity for innovation can be decisive in finding solutions for a world in constant and rapid change. The assessment is promoted by the OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It is an intergovernmental entity that aims to promote the economic and social development of its members, the industrialized countries. It should be noted, however, that participation in PISA is not restricted to OECD members, as it also includes guest countries. ​According to the Report “ PISA 2022 Results - The State of Learning and Equity in Education ", released in December/2023 by the OECD, the first report volume of a total of five report volumes presented , 690,000 students were assessed, representing 29 million students worldwide, from 81 countries and economies, in 2022. PISA is the first large-scale study to collect data on the performance, well-being and equity of students. students before and after the shutdowns and adversities caused by the  COVID-19 pandemic. According to the report, PISA 2022 is much more than educational excellence. It is also about equity in education, so that all students, regardless of background, can have a fair opportunity to reach their full potential. ​PISA is a powerful comparative source of international level in the educational area, which can greatly contribute to strengthening inclusive public educational policies for countries committed to developing good quality education, a fundamental step towards social transformation that allow for greater prosperity, labor and economic inclusion, as better-established basic education training is an important step towards generating future professionals who are better prepared to serve society in various areas of knowledge. The report concluded that, despite challenging circumstances, 31 countries and economies have managed to at least maintain their performance in mathematics since PISA 2018. Among these, Australia, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Switzerland have maintained or further increased their already high levels of achievement. performance of its students, with scores ranging from 487 to 575 points (OECD average 472). These countries presented converging aspects, such as a shorter school closure period, fewer obstacles to remote learning and continued support for students, from teachers and parents. Many countries have also made significant progress towards universal secondary education, which is critical to enabling equality of opportunity and full participation in the economy. Among them, Cambodia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Morocco, Paraguay and Romania have rapidly expanded education to previously marginalized populations over the past decade. Ten countries and economies recorded a large percentage of 15-year-olds with confirmed basic proficiency in math, reading and science with education that was highly equitable and provided high levels of socioeconomic justice: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Macau and the United Kingdom. The OECD report also points out that, across OECD countries, around three-quarters of students reported being confident in using various technologies, including learning management systems, school learning platforms and video communication programs. However, technology used for leisure rather than instruction, such as mobile phone technology, often appears to be associated with the worst outcomes. Students who reported that they are distracted by other students using digital devices in at least some math classes scored 15 points less than students who reported that this never or almost never happens. Support from teachers is particularly important in times of instability, namely through the provision of additional services, pedagogical and motivational support to students, according to PISA 2022. ​The systematic work of PISA, throughout its three-year applications, reinforces the resilience of educational systems in order to act from the perspective of growth in equal opportunities, which will certainly provide greater training and empowerment of young people to the success. Countries that are engaged and have the political will to reserve the space and importance it deserves for education are certainly aware and certain that this is the path to generation and longevity from an economic and social development perspective. Sources: CREATIVITYEXCHANGE. The PISA 2022 Creative Thinking Test . Bill Lucas explores the significance of the first global assessment of creative thinking. Available at < https://www.creativityexchange.org.uk/ideas-hub/the-pisa-2022-creative-thinking-test > Accessed on 22.Feb.2024. FACTSMAPS. PISA 2022. Worldwide Ranking. Disponível em Acesso em 23.fev.2022. OECD (2023), PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education , PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, Available at < https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en > Accessed on 19.feb.2024. WAISELFISZ, Julio Jacob. Science teaching in Brazil and PISA . Sangari from Brazil. 1st.Ed., 2009.

It has been 20 years since Concorde was retired on October 24, 2003, after its last journey between New York and London.  From its first commercial flight, on 01/21/1976 and for 27 years, Concorde transported almost four million people and carried out 50 thousand supersonic flights. However, high operating costs, high fares and a serious plane crash, among other factors, led to the closure of the first commercial plane to exceed the speed of sound. The (privileged) supersonic passengers were nostalgic for these flights, which were carried out by 14 Concordes. The Concorde flew at 2,200 km/h per hour - almost twice the speed of sound - at an altitude of 18,000 meters. Thus, it was able to fly between Paris and New York in just 3h45min, allowing the passenger, depending on the time zones, to "arrive in New York before leaving Paris". Despite the long passage of time since the last flight, commercial supersonics will be back. They will be produced by a startup, whose purpose is to reactivate supersonic commercial aviation, in a safer, more economical and more sustainable way. This new technological challenge has as its protagonist the startup Boom Supersonic , a manufacturing company based in Colorado, USA that is developing the “ Overture Supersonic ” aircraft project. The first plane is expected to leave the factory in 2026 and by 2029 Boom Supersonic intends to start supersonic commercial flights. Boom's current timeline targets a first flight in 2027 and certification of the aircraft in 2029, which would have it ready to enter service shortly thereafter. According to the CEO of Boom Supersonic, there is a challenge to be overcome: democratizing access to supersonic commercial aviation, as Concorde flights were elitist. "We set out with a very big and audacious goal of creating the first supersonic plane in which tens of millions of people can fly,"  told Blake Scholl, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic, to CNN. "Supersonic travel, in my opinion, is about bringing the world closer together. Our ultimate vision is supersonic flight for all passengers on all routes." The Overture's engine will be the Symphony, which was designed with special attention to noise, one of the Concorde's biggest disadvantages: "It must be efficient in supersonic flights, but also silent for takeoff and landing," commented Scholl. The Symphony engine was designed to run entirely on SAF, Sustainable Aviation Fuel, a type of aviation fuel whose production methods promise to reduce carbon emissions by up to 80%, according to IATA, the International Air Transport Association. Boom is also committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. All of these sustainability purposes will be assessed in the certification process. The aircraft is being designed to carry between 64 and 80 passengers, at a speed of Mach 1.7 which represents 2,100 km/hour or 1,304 miles/hour, at an altitude of 60,000 feet or 18,000 meters. It is projected that Overture will be able to travel between London and New York in around three and a half hours, cutting travel time in half compared to traditional commercial flights. The Overture Supersonic factory is under construction, starting in January 2023, in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA, at the Piedmont Triad International Airport . With a significant portion of the exterior building constructed, the Overture Superfactory continues to take shape and remains on track for completion in 2024. The factory will include a final assembly line, a testing facility and a customer delivery center. Boom has been building the campus in sections, focusing first on the final assembly line, where it will have the capacity to produce up to 33 Overture aircraft per year, which could grow to 66 per year with the addition of a second line. Overture Superfactory will occupy approximately 150,000 square feet, equivalent to 13,935 m² with an additional 24,000 square feet, equivalent to 2,229 m² of office space. "Our vision for Piedmont Triad International Airport is to become the center of aviation innovation ," said Kevin Baker, Executive Director of the Piedmont Triad Airport Authority. "Boom is positioned to define the next century of progress in air travel, and we are proud to see its vision taking shape in our backyard with the Overture Superfactory in the Triad." Boom says it will bring more than 1,750 jobs to North Carolina by 2030, expanding to a total of more than 2,400 jobs by 2032. North Carolina economists estimate the Overture Superfactory will grow the state's economy by at least $32 .3 billion in 20 years. To date, three airlines have placed purchase orders for the Overture Supersonic:  United Airlines, American Airlines and Japan Airlines, with a total of 130 orders. Sources: ABC11. Boom wants supersonic plane travel for everyone - but can it deliver? Available at: https://abc11.com/boom-supersonic-airplane-overture/13592668/> Accessed on: 24.fev.2024. BOOM. Boom Supersonic Reaches Overture Superfactory Milestone. Available at: Accessed on: 24.fev.2024. CNN. PRISCO, Jacopo. Boom wants supersonic plane travel for everyone — but can it deliver?  Available at: < https://www.cnn.com/travel/boom-supersonic-ambitions-scn/index.html > Accessed on: 24.Feb.2024. G1 PORTAL. Discover Overture, a supersonic plane project that will have twice the speed of current aircraft . Available at: < https://g1.globo.com/inovacao/noticia/2022/08/17/conheca-o-overture-projeto-de-aviao-supersonico-que-tera-o-dobro-da-velocidade- das-aeronaves-atuais.ghtml > Accessed on: 24.dec.2024>. PRNEWSWIRE. (News provided by Boom Supersonic). Boom Supersonic Reaches Overture Superfactory Milestone . Available at: < https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/boom-supersonic-reaches-overture-superfactory-milestone-301933449.html > Accessed on: Feb 26, 2024. FROG. The_ultima_of_concorde (2008).  < http://dn.sapo.pt/2005/12/02/boa_vida/o_ultimo_do_concorde.html > Link discontinued. TAYLOR, Chris. ACG PIEDMONT TRIAD NETWORK. Boom Supersonic - Building the Supersonic Future . Available at: < https://www.acg.org/piedmont-triad-network/events/boom-supersonic-building-supersonic-future > Access at : 25.Feb.2024. TRADE AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT. Piedmont Triad International Embraces Aerospace Innovation . Available at: < https://www.tradeandindustrydev.com/industry/aerospace-defense/piedmont-triad-international-embraces-aerospace-31970 > Accessed on: 25.feb.2024. VIDEO FROM SPACE. NY to London in 3.5 hours? Meet Boom Supersonic's 'Overture' aircraft.  Available at: < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB0ME_6_gSk > Accessed on: 25.Feb.2024.

Heat waves, strong winds, torrential rains, in short, intense environmental events, which affect certain cities more frequently and, in addition, locations most affected by climate change, lack protected urban infrastructure installations of wires and cables to avoid the risk of falls energy, general damage and electrical shocks that can be fatal. As most of the risks in large cities are in overhead cables, taking power cables underground is an important measure. In more detail below, we can say that overhead electrical cable structures have considerable disadvantages. Overhead wires are much more sensitive to failure during storms than underground cables. The loss of electrical energy causes major economic disruptions. The cost of maintaining and repairing damaged lines is often borne by utility company customers. Overhead wires have sparked many of the disastrous fires that have devastated large areas, which have been reported in the press in recent years, causing loss of life and property. This is because sparks from OHL (overhead lines) are routinely identified as the cause of fires in dry areas. When extreme weather events occur, first responders must deal with downed and exposed high-voltage power lines, a major hazard associated with the adversity of power loss, while trying to deal with medical emergencies. Removing these threats makes it easier for emergency teams to save lives. The risk of contact by passers-by with downed wires in cities can cause exposure to intense electrical discharges with a risk of death. But you would be wrong to imagine that the search for a better solution to the problems arising from overhead electrical wires is recent. Long ago, many countries made investments in urban infrastructure using underground cables and, to this day, enjoy significant benefits. The pioneering experience in the news took place 134 years ago, in 1890, with the first successful installation carried out by Vincent de Ferranti, using his famous 10,000 volt concentric cable, in the United Kingdom. Underground utilization is the most comprehensive and effective solution to reducing the impact of utility wires. The practice is common in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany and England, which, in addition to the natural beauty they offer, took care and precaution to guarantee a “clean” and safe scenic view, with their wires and cables far from sight. and protected against adverse weather conditions, installed underground. But underground cabling efforts are not limited to the aforementioned countries. In Australia, for example, the Infrastructure Project entitled “Powering Sydney's Future” carried out through densely populated suburban areas, started from the observation that the electricity transmission networks that were built in the 1960s and 1970s and some underground cables, were approaching the end of their useful lives. As Sydney's population grew, demand for electricity increased and replacing aging infrastructure would ensure future supply for residents and businesses in Sydney and surrounding suburbs. Thus, in 2022, Australian energy company Transgrid completed the main construction works of the Powering Sydney's Future project. Although higher voltage lines tend to be tied to overhead cables, this does not mean that higher voltage cables are unfeasible underground in large cities. Aerial cables are installed much more easily compared to underground cables. It also has the benefit of open natural ventilation, which prevents cables from overheating. However, this does not mean that higher voltage cables are unfeasible underground in large cities (in areas of high energy consumption), which can coexist with the predominant lower voltage cables. Despite the closed underground environment, the tunnels can be cooled, improving the temperature conditions of the cables. In London, beneath its busy streets, there are miles of 8-foot-wide concrete tunnels lined with power distribution cables that can reach extremely high temperatures. To cool the tunnels, vertical shafts spaced every kilometer or two supply fresh air and eject hot air into the open air. UNDERGROUND CABLING STRUCTURE IN LONDON Researchers at London South Bank University (LSBU) , in 2019, developed a study with the aim of using this waste heat. A typical 1.8km stretch of tunnel between ventilation shafts produces 400 kilowatts of heat, enough to heat 100 homes or a small commercial office. This was discovered by researchers in a preliminary analysis carried out with the city's electricity grid operator, UK Power Networks. A project started in 2018 to provide underground cabling for London is underway. Scheduled to be completed and fully operational in 2027, London Power Tunnels Two is underway to build 32km of tunnels and two substations in north London – claimed to be the first major investment in the capital's electricity transmission system in over of half a century. Three meters in diameter, the tunnels have a lifespan of more than 100 years – although the high-voltage cables they carry will need to be replaced more regularly to meet future demand and facilitate the growth of entire systems across the city. This issue of changing high voltage cables, according to Lesur (2021), the current generation of underground systems requires less maintenance, and renovation is only necessary every 40 or 50 years, which is the specified useful life of a transmission line and cables are generally buried to a depth of 3 ft/0.9144 m for distribution networks, and 4 ft/1.2192 m or 5 ft/1.524 m for transmission networks. In terms of safety, there is no disturbance to the ground surface when a short circuit occurs or a very high amount of energy is released, because the ground contains the fault, states Lesur (2021), who also argues that the ground also protects against damage caused by third parties, as long as proper authorization procedures are followed before excavation, especially in urban areas. According to Lesur (2021), underground systems require very little maintenance, as the insulation is made of extruded plastic ¹ (a passive component). There is no fluid under pressure or potential leakage. Overhead lines, on the other hand, need monitoring and maintenance to avoid corrosion (frequent painting of metal supports) and require maintenance against weather risks (lightning strikes, storms, ice, sticky snow). Studies also show that losses dissipated due to heating by the Joule effect ² are smaller for underground cables due to the use of pure copper and aluminum, while aluminum and steel alloys are necessary for the mechanical strength of bare overhead conductors, according to Lesur (2021). It is worth mentioning that not only countries most affected by natural events should have the initiative to build infrastructure of underground wires and cables, but also cities that have used, to exhaustion, wire structures and overhead cables, suspended from poles. This reality has generated a series of adverse situations, such as tangled and fallen wires, due to accumulation on poles, risks of power outages and exposure to intense electrical discharges, which can affect passers- by with the risk of death. ACCUMULATION OF DISORDERED OVERHEAD WIRES, FALLEN AND CROSSING THE ROAD PHOTO: © high-techsociety.com By placing cabling underground, most of the harsh weather conditions that traditional transmission infrastructures are exposed to can be avoided. This largely refers to precipitation and windstorms, which can cause damage to overhead power lines directly or indirectly through falling trees, resulting in power outages. Underground cabling can alleviate the need for additional and more frequent investment in transmission infrastructure maintenance and repairs. Expected benefits include a more secure energy supply with fewer instances of weather-related power outages, while realizing long-term cost savings due to reduced maintenance and repairs, ensuring predictability for diverse business segments. Underground cable lines have many advantages and benefits over overhead lines and are gaining momentum for safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness. It is observed that underground cabling has higher costs for construction and implementation of physical structures, costs for purchasing inputs, civil works, installations, but in the long term its savings and safety advantages are unquestionable. On the other hand, despite the initial advantage of airlines, of much lower construction and implementation costs for physical structures, they concentrate higher costs related to operation and maintenance. This is because they operate with a certain instability, directly associated with climatic conditions, causing unpredictable interruptions in the energy supply and may result in various costs to be borne by individuals, companies in general and industries, both to cover necessary maintenance costs arising from the adversity. of time, as well as to support losses resulting from loss of food that requires conservation in refrigerators and freezers, as well as losses resulting from interruptions in production activities. One way to guarantee the economic viability of these projects, with greater viability for large cities, is the union between service providers and governments, not only in sharing the costs involved, which are highly high, but also in the temporal integration of projects. The construction of an underground structure represents a valuable opportunity for modernizing structures, not only for public and private companies that provide public energy services, but also for water service providers, with their pipes and for telephone and internet service providers. , via optical cables. Grades: ¹ The extruded plastic profile is manufactured using an extruder machine that melts granulated plastics, normally from recycling processes. In this machine, the plastic is melted through a cylinder that is heated by electrical resistance. ² The Joule Effect is the transformation of electrical energy into thermal energy when electric current passes through a conductor. Sources: THE UTILITY WEEK EVENT. Digging 32km of 'Power Tunnels' beneath London . Available at < https://utilityweek.co.uk/digging-32km-of-power-tunnels-beneath-london/ > Accessed on March 23, 2024. CLIMATE ADAPT. Replacing overhead lines with underground cables in Finland . Available at < https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/replacing-overhead-lines-with-underground-cables-in-finland > Accessed on March 21, 2024. LESUR, Frédéric. Power Grid International. Why underground cables are a better long-term choice for utilities . Available at < https://www.power-grid.com/td/why-underground-cables-are-a-better-long-term-choice-for-utilities/#gref > Accessed on March 21, 2024. MACPHEE, Brian. Quora. Available at < https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-UK-power-lines-underground > Accessed on March 22, 2024. PATEL, Prachi. IEEE Spectrum . London's Hidden Cable Tunnels Could Warm Thousands of Homes . Available at < https://spectrum.ieee.org/londons-hidden-cable-tunnels-could-warm-thousands-of-homes > Accessed on March 23, 2024. SCENIC AMERICA . Undergrounding Utility Infrastructure: Burying Utilities for Safety, Resiliency, and Scenic Beauty . Available at < https://www.scenic.org/why-scenic-conservation/energy-infrastructure-and-equity/undergrounding-utility-infrastructure/ > Accessed on March 21, 2024. TRASGRID . Powering Sydney's Future . Available at Accessed on March 21, 2024.